Sub-nanosecond time-resolved radiation measurement using x-ray focusing crystal spectrometers

In this paper, we describe a technique using crystal spectrometer, silicon-diode detector, and filtered photoconductive detector to monitor photon energies in the L-shell (0.9–1 keV) K-shell regimes for nickel copper hybrid X-pinch x-ray sources. The detectors, system cabling, an 8 GHz digital oscilloscope combination enable time resolution better than 200 ps detectors 700 of K- radiation signals, respectively. We substantially improve relative timing signals obtained by streak camera with spectrometer line spectra and, separately, continuum burst 17 resolution. This instruments enabled validated new method which plasma conditions X-pinches can be assessed immediately before after ∼30 produced 370 kA X-pinches. general, described here applied observe otherwise highly filter-absorbed presence broad spectrum higher energy combining crystals detectors.